饲粮代谢能水平对14～17周龄不同性别北京油鸡育肥期生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮代谢能水平对14～17周龄不同性别北京油鸡育肥期生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及血清生化指标的影响，为确定北京油鸡适宜饲粮代谢能水平提供依据。本试验严格按照完全随机区组试验设计进行。选取13周龄北京油鸡600只，公母各占1/2，根据体重一致原则随机分为6组，其中3个组均为公鸡，另外3个组均为母鸡，每组5个重复，每个重复20只。3个组分别为低代谢能组（饲粮代谢能水平为12.20 MJ/kg）、中代谢能组（饲粮代谢能水平为12.64 MJ/kg）、高代谢能组（饲粮代谢能水平为13.08 MJ/kg）。预试期1周，正试期4周（14～17周龄）。结果显示：1）高代谢能组公鸡和母鸡的平均日增重显著高于其他2组（P <0.05），且高代谢能组母鸡的料重比显著低于其他2组（P <0.05），饲粮代谢能水平为13.08 MJ/kg时公鸡和母鸡有较好的生长性能。2）公鸡方面，低代谢能组的腿肌率显著高于其他2组（P<0.05）；母鸡方面，低代谢能组的全净膛率显著高于高代谢能组（P<0.05），翅膀率显著低于高代谢能组（P <0.05）。低代谢能组公鸡和母鸡的皮脂...     

煮熟和干燥处理对黄藤笋抗氧化活性的影响

通过测定黄藤熟笋、生笋(鲜切笋)、熟笋干和生笋干的水和4种不同浓度乙醇提取物中的自由基清除能力、总还原能力、总多酚含量和总黄酮含量,研究了煮熟、干燥加工方法对黄藤笋提取物抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,煮熟处理能保持或提高提取物的抗氧化活性,干燥处理则相反。乙醇提取物比水提取物具有更高的抗氧化活性,以50%~75%的乙醇提取溶剂效果最好。熟笋在所有溶剂中的自由基清除能力、总还原能力、总多酚含量和总黄酮含量均表现出最高水平,表明煮熟是黄藤笋适宜的加工利用方式。     

长蒴黄麻总黄酮的提取及其抗氧化性

为长蒴黄麻的开发利用提供参考依据,对超声波协同乙醇提取长蒴黄麻黄酮的效果进行了研究,并进行了长蒴黄麻黄酮的抗氧化性试验.结果表明,最优提取条件为温度42℃、料液比1∶35、乙醇浓度80％、提取时间25min,在此条件下长蒴黄麻总黄酮的提取率为2.577％.长蒴黄麻黄酮提取物对羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基具有一定的清除作...     

Comparison of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities in skins and pulps of eleven grape cultivars(Vitis vinifera L.)

Eleven grape cultivars were analysed to explore the variety differences of fresh grape phenolic profiles. The results showed that free phenolics were predominant in grape skins and pulps, and showed the higher antioxidant activities than bound. In 11 cultivars, Muscat Kyoho extracts had the highest total phenolic content in skins(10.525 mg GAE g~(–1) FW) and pulps(1.134 mg GAE g~(–1) FW), and exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavening capacity(EC_(50)=11.7 μg mL~(–1)) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC) value(190.57 μmol TE g~(–1) FW) of free phenolic in skin. In addition, the most abundant phenolics in grape skins were found to be flavonoids such as kaempferol in Kyoho skin(541.2 μg g~(–1) FW), rutin, catechin and epicatechin in Muscat Kyoho skin(262.3, 86.3 and 70.0 μg g~(–1) FW, respectively). Furthermore, the principal component analysis showed a strong difference of phenolic profiles with the cultivars, existing forms and distributions. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed a significant linear correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity(P0.05). Therefore, both skins and pulps were rich sources of bioactive phenolic compounds, and Muscat Kyoho was the ideal source among all samples.     

根腐病菌侵染对黄芪苯丙烷途径关键酶活性的影响

以蒙古黄芪-根腐病菌（Fusarium solani和F. acuminatum）为互作体系,测定苯丙烷途径关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(C4H)及4-香豆酸-辅酶A连接酶(4CL)活性的变化,以期获得黄芪抗根腐病菌侵染机制的信息,为抗病育种工作提供参考。试验采用幼苗浸根法接种病菌,分光光度法测定3种酶的动态变化。结果表明,F. solani侵染黄芪后,PAL和C4H活性与对照相比明显升高,并在7、21天出现2个酶活高峰;4CL活性则随着时间的延长持续上升,7、21天时也显著高于对照。F. acuminatum侵染黄芪后,PAL、C4H和4CL的活性均在21天显著高于对照。可见2种病原菌在侵染黄芪过程中,苯丙烷途径的关键酶被不同程度地激活,但2种病菌激活各酶的时间和规律有所差异,表明黄芪对这2种病菌的抗性机制明显不同。     

柱层析法对菌株snef8有效成分的初步分离

采用硅胶柱层析的方法,对snef8菌株中的杀线虫活性物质进行了初步的分离,生物法测定各组份的杀线虫活性,减压浓缩有活性的组份制备粗提液.结果表明:菌液中的杀线虫活性物质主要集中于第8～第12号管中,其杀线虫活性接近于100%.此法不但可以除去部分杂质,提高粗提液的纯度,还可以应用制备型硅胶柱,大量制备富集粗提液,将其作...     

黑蜣(Bess beetle)纤维素酶的组分及其特性分析

以30日龄的黑蜣幼虫为材料,对其整体匀浆后组织液中的纤维素酶组成及活性进行了分析。结果表明:黑蜣体内存在内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(Cx酶)、β-葡萄糖苷酶;β-葡萄糖苷酶和Cx酶的最适宜温度为分别为40℃和50℃;Cx酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶分别在pH值为6.4和5.2时具有最大的活力;β-葡萄糖苷酶和Cx酶的最适宜反应时间为80 min。Cx酶具有比β-葡萄糖苷酶更强的温度适应性,在30～50℃温度范围内可维持最大酶活力的66.20%。     

Aggregate-related changes in network patterns of nematodes and ammonia oxidizers in an acidic soil

Nitrification plays a central role in global nitrogen cycle, which is affected by biological interaction between soil microfauna and microorganisms. However, the complexity of soil biotic communities made it difficult to reveal organizational principles of the community and the interactions among species. Here, we used the network analysis to decipher the interactions between nematodes and ammonia oxidizers within aggregate fractions under 10-year manure application, and examine their associations with soil variables and potential nitrification activity (PNA). Three aggregate fractions included large macroaggregates (>2000 μm, LA), small macroaggregates (250–2000 μm, SA), and inter-aggregate soil and space (<250 μm, IA). Aggregate factions showed a remarkable effect on association networks of nematodes and ammonia oxidizers. The average connectivity (avgK) and the number of edges in overall networks increased with increasing aggregate sizes, while the average geodesic distance (GD) followed the opposite trend. The LA network could be viewed as a better organized or a better operational soil food web with more functional interrelated members than the SA and IA networks. The modules related to PNA were significantly correlated and clustered together as meta-modules in networks of aggregate fractions. The role-shifts prevailed among the network members such as significant module memberships (MMs) and generalist/specialist operational taxonomic units (OTUs). A half of shared nodes were further identified as shared MMs, dominated by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) especially for Nitrosospira cluster 3a and 10. Soil pH could explain partly the shift of module hubs in different networks, while grazing by bacterivores might account for three exclusively connecters related to Nitrososphaera clusters 1.1. The strongly coupled modules correlated positively to pH and total carbon (TC), regardless of aggregate fractions. The network analysis approach provided new insights into potential importance of network interactions between nematodes and ammonia oxidizers in soil nitrogen cycling.     

四种柱花草种子萌发中参与氮代谢的酶活性变化

研究了4种柱花草种子萌发过程中参与氮代谢的蛋白酶、肽酶和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,蛋白酶的活性随着柱花草种子萌发的深入而不断上升,在种子即将露白胚根突破种皮的时候蛋白酶活性达到最大值。此后,随着胚芽的生长蛋白酶活性逐渐降低,其中热研2号柱花草的蛋白酶活性高于其他3种;肽酶活性的变化总体呈上升趋势;硝酸还原酶呈S型变化。了解柱花草种子萌发期各种酶活性的变化规律,为深入研究柱花草种子萌发时贮藏物质的动员和代谢机理提供数据。     

Soil aggregation: Influence on microbial biomass and implications for biological processes

Our 1988 paper, describing the effects of cultivation on microbial biomass and activity in different aggregate size classes, brought together the ‘aggregate hierarchy theory’ and the ‘microbial biomass concept’. This enabled us to identify the relationships between microbial and microhabitat (aggregate) properties and organic matter distribution and explain some of their responses to disturbance. By combining biochemical and direct microscopy based quantification of microbial abundance with enzyme activities and process measurements, this study provided evidence for the role of microbial biomass (especially fungi) in macroaggregate dynamics and carbon and nutrient flush following cultivation. In the last ten years environmental genomic techniques have provided much new knowledge on bacterial composition in aggregate size fractions yet detailed information about other microbial groups (e.g. fungi, archaea and protozoa) is lacking.We now know that soil aggregates are dynamic entities – constantly changing with regard to their biological, chemical and physical properties and, in particular, their influences on plant nutrition and health. As a consequence, elucidation of the many mechanisms regulating soil C and nutrient dynamics demands a better understanding of the role of specific members of microbial communities and their metabolic capabilities as well as their location within the soil matrix (e.g. aggregates, pore spaces) and their reciprocal relationship with plant roots. In addition, the impacts of environment and soil type needs to be quantified at the microscale using, wherever possible, non-destructive ‘in situ’ techniques to predict and quantify the impacts of anthropogenic activities on soil microbial diversity and ecosystem level functions.